The Participle � ���������
��������� - �������� ����� �������, ������� ������������� � ������� ����� ��������� ��� ������������. ���������� ��������� �������� ���������� ���������������, ������� � �������.
1. The participles are:
Present participles ( staying, leaving�� VERB + ING ) Past participles (stayed, left��� VERB -tertiary Grade ) Perfect participles (having left��.HAVING + VERB -3rd FORM)
2. Present and past participles tin be used as adjectives:
Nosotros use the present participle to describe what somebody or something is. Information technology answers the question : What kind? (* The motion-picture show was extremely boring. � What kind of film?- Boring ) We use the past participle to depict how someone feels. It answers the question: How exercise you lot feel?
( * They were exhausted afterwards travelling for ten hours. How did they feel? �Exhausted)
3. Participles can as well exist used:
� instead of a relative pronoun and full verb (* The adult female waving at me is my aunt. = The adult female who is waving at me is my aunt. * The new shampoo advertised on Television is very expensive. = The new shampoo which is advertised on Tv is very expensive)
� to express reason (*Feeling shy, Laura didn�t talk to Ben.= Because she was shy��* Having seen the film before, I decided to stay at home.= Because I had seen the film before, I decided��.)
� to express fourth dimension (* Afterwards taking/ having taken his Master�s caste, he applied for a job.=Subsequently he had taken his Master�s degree, he��.* Turning the corner, we saw the hospital in front of us. = Every bit nosotros turned the corner we saw ��)
� when one action happens before another action ( * Having finished breakfast, I went out for a walk.=I finished breakfast, and so I went out for a walk)
� instead of the by simple in narratives when we describe deportment happening immediately one later on the other (* Hearing the news, she fainted.= She heard the news and she fainted)
� to avoid repeating the past continuous in the same sentences (* He was walking down the street whistling a tune. = He was walking down the street and he was whistling a tune)
four. Participle Forms. ����� ��������� :
| Nowadays Indefinite Past Indefinite Perfect | Active doing ________________ having done | Passive being done done having been washed | �������� ������������� ������������� �������������� |
5. ������� �������� participle �� ������� ����:
Active
| Present (������������� ��������) � ����������� ���������� � ��������� -���, - ���� reading - ��������, �������� � ����������� ������������� � ���������� - �, - � reading- ����� i) The man sitting at the window came from London yesterday. ii) The rising sun was hidden past the clouds. 3) The human smoking a cigarette is my brother. 4) When going home I met my sis. 5) Knowing English well, he translated the article without a dictionary. half dozen) He sabbatum in the armchair reading a paper. | Perfect ( �������������� ��������) � ����������� ������������� � ���������� - �, - � having done - ������ having come - ����� ane) Having lost Lena�s address, I was not able to write to her. ii) Having travelled nigh the U.k. for nearly three months he returned to Saint petersburg. 3) He left the room, having thrown the letter into the fire. 4) Having lived in Paris for many years, he knew that city very well. |
Passive
| Present (�������� ������������� � ��������� ������) � ����������� ���������� � ���������� - ���, - ����� being discussed - ����������� being built - ���������� The question now being discussed at the meeting is very interesting. | By � ����������� ���������� � ���������� - ���, - ����, - ���, - �����, - ������ bought - ���������, ���������� discussed - �����������, �������������, �����������, ������������� There are many illustrated magazines in our reading room. | Perfect ( �������������� ��������) � ����������� ����������� ������������ ((������������� �����) Having been sent to wrong address, the letter didn�t reach him. |
PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS
���������� �������
one. Objective with the Participle I = Circuitous Object ( ��������� ����� � ���������� ���������� ������� = ������� ����������)
����� �������� ���������� � �������� to see , to hear , to sentinel , to notice , to feel , to heed , to observe , to await ������������� ������� ���������� (circuitous object) , ������� ������������ ����� ��������� ���������������� ( � ����� ������) ��� ����������� ( � ��������� ������) � ����������� ��� ���������� (participle I ). ������� ���������� ����������� �� ������� ���� ����������� ������������, ������������ � ������ � ��� ��� ����.
I saw him cross the street.- � �����, ��� �� ������� �����.
Someone did something. I saw this. ð I saw someone do something.
I saw him crossing the street. - � �����, ��� �� ��������� �����.
Someone was doing something. I saw this. ð I saw someone doing something.
������������ ��������� ��������, ��� ���� ���� � �������� � �������� ��� ���������� ( ����� �� �������� �������� ��� �������, �������� ��� ���������, � �� ��������� ���. ������������ ���������� ��������, ��� ���� ���� � �������� ��� � �����, � �������� � ����� , ���� ����� �����������.
COMPLEX OBJECT
| Verb to wish to want to desire to mean to like to dislike to love to hate to think to know to consider to suppose to believe to wait to detect to report | Noun or Pronoun me you lot him her it us them | +INFINITIVE ( + �to� or without �to�) | | Verb to feel to hear to mind to see to wait to notice to observe to watch | Substantive or Pronoun me you him her it united states them | +PARTICIPLE I ( verb+ ing) |
2. Objective with the Participle II. ( ��������� ����� � ���������� ���������� �������)
| Verb to feel to hear to take to see to desire to wish to scout to observe | Noun or Pronoun me you him her it u.s.a. them | +PARTICIPLE II |
1) You must have your hair cut. - �� ������ ����������� .
ii) � ��������� to get , to have �������� ����������� �� ����� ����������, � ������ �����.
I had my photo taken .-� ����������������� ( = ���� ����������������)
I had (got) my hair cut yesterday. - � ����� ���������� (= ���� ���������� )
3. Nominative with the Participle. ( ������������ ����� � ����������)
| Noun (��������������� � ����� ������) ��� Pronoun (����������� � ������������ ������) | Verb ( ������ � Passive) to see to recall to regard to consider | + Participle |
1) The boys are seen playing football game.- �����, ��� �������� ������ � ������.
two) The problem was thought solved. - ������ , ��� �������� ������ .
4. The Absolute Participle Construction. ( ����������� ���������� ������ )
| Noun (��������������� � ����� ������) ��� Pronoun (����������� � ������������ ������) | + Participle |
The weather being fine , we went for a walk . - ��� ��� ������ ���� ����������, �� ����������� �� ��������.
G���� ������ ����������� ����������� ������������, ������������ ������� � ��� ���...�, �����....�, � �����.....� � �������.
The piece of work washed , they went abode . - ����� ����, ��� ������ ���� �������, ��� ����� �����.
Information technology being very cold , we could not go skating . -��� ��� ���� ����� �������, �� �� ������ ����� �������� �� �������.
PRACTICE
Test 1. Read and translate these word combinations. Read and translate the sentences below.
a called-for firm, falling leaves, boiling vegetables, grin faces, singing people, shining optics, a barking dog, the ascent sun, a dying tree, the falling snow, a burnt business firm, fallen leaves, boiled vegetables, packed things, a broken cup, cut out pictures, a lost primal
one) In that location is a lot of piece of work waiting for me to practise.
2) The cup cleaved by the boy was his mother�s.
3) The key lost in the darkness wasn�t mine.
4) There were birds flying loftier upward in the sky, in that location was a white send slowly disappearing in the open sea.
5) At that place is a cloud of fume rising into the air.
half-dozen) Who is that man sitting by the window?
7) Which of the boys playing in the garden is your brother?
viii) The things packed for the trip were all wintertime things.
ix) The fruit stale in summertime will be eaten in winter.
x) Pictures cut out from quondam magazines covered the walls.
11) Yesterday the professor told us about the experiments now being carried on in his laboratory.
12) The big house being built in our street is a new school.
xiii) This company is interested in the goods produced past our factories.
14) All books taken from the library must be returned next week.
15) Squeezed by the ice the steamer could non continue her mode.
16) The woman sitting in the armchair is the editor�s married woman.
17) The police are looking for a stolen auto.
xviii) The articles written by this political observer are read with great interest.
nineteen) Being busy, Jack refused an invitation.
20) Having asked the secretary to bring the newspaper, Mr Jones returned to his office.
Test 2. Apply the correct form.
1) ����� ���������� �����, � ������ ��������� ��������.
a) reading b) having read c) existence read
2) �������� �����, �� ����� �� � ����������.
a) reading b) having read c) having been read
3) �����, ����������� ���� �����, ����� ���������.
a) reading b) read c) having been read
4) ������, ���������� �����
a) having received b) received c) receiving
5) ������� ������
a) having received b) received c) receiving
6) ������� ������
a) having received b) received c) receiving
7) �������, ���������� ������
a) having received b) received c) receiving
8) ������������ �������
a) looking through b) having looked through c) looked through
9) ���������� �������
a) looking through b) having looked through c) looked through
10) ������, ������������� �����
a) looking through b) having looked through c) looked through
xi) �������, ��������������� ������
a) looking through b) having looked through c) looked through
Examination 3. From each pair of sentences make 1 sentence using an -ing clause.
Example: She was sitting in an armchair. She was reading a volume. - She was sitting in an armchair reading a volume.
1) Jill was lying on the bed. She was crying.
2) I got home. I was feeling tired.
iii) The old man was walking forth the street. He was talking to himself.
4) Jim hurt his arm. He was playing lawn tennis.
five) Ann cruel asleep. She was watching Boob tube.
6) The man slipped. He was getting off the motorcoach.
7) The daughter cut herself. She was cooking.
8) Jim was playing lawn tennis. He hurt his arm.
nine) I was watching television. I fell asleep.
10) The human being slipped. He was getting off a bus.
11) I was walking home in the pelting. I got wet.
12) Mag was driving to piece of work yesterday. She had an blow.
13) Two firemen were overcome by smoke. They were trying to put out the fire.
Test4. Make full in participle I or participle II.
one) Did Beak like his altogether nowadays? �Oh, aye. He was ���.thrilling/ thrilled with information technology.
2) How�south your new job? �Information technology�southward great merely it�s a bit ���.tired/ tiring.
iii) Did you lot enjoy the moving-picture show?- No, non at all. I found it very�����confusing/ confused.
4) How do you feel subsequently being abroad from work for a month? � Wonderful! I feel really ��..relaxed/ relaxing.
5) Was Peter late for dinner again?- Yes, and I was very ���..abrasive/ annoyed considering he didn�t telephone call to tell me.
6) Did you have a expert swim? �I had a marvellous swim. It was very ���.refreshed/ refreshing.
7) Did y'all meet Mr Grant? � Aye. What an ����interesting/ interested person he is!
eight) Accept you lot heard the news? Ken crashed his car. � Yes, I heard. I�k ���amazing/ amazed that he wasn�t hurt.
ix) Did you lot read the book I lent yous? � Yep, I plant the main character very ���charming/ overjoyed.
10) How are the twins? �They�re very �����excited/ exciting about opening their gifts tomorrow morning time.
11) It was a very �����disgusted/ disgusting sight to see so much rubbish on the beach.
12) We were very ��.surprised/ surprising by his exam results.
13) I was ����..embarrassed/ embarrassing when I tripped in front of all those people.
fourteen) The book was and then ���exciting/ excited that I didn�t desire it to stop.
15) His voice communication was then ���..interested/ interesting that everyone enjoyed it.
16) Boys accept always been interested in books.......... described / describing the life of the people in the by.
17) Flights to the moon...... described / describing by corking writers of the past show that people began to dream of infinite travel hundreds of years ago.
xviii) Which do you know improve: pictures........ painted / painting by modernistic artists or by the artists of the 19th century?
19) Yous can brand a very good �art gallery� from pictures......... cutting out/ cut out from sometime magazines.
20) Who is that man....... told/ telling something interesting and very funny to the children?
21) All children remember the fairy tales........ told/ telling by their grannies.
22) I looked at the children..... play/playing football.
23) ..........Pass / Passing by the house I saw a calorie-free in his window.
24) Many......... fallen / falling leaves lay on the footing.
25) Interpret the words....... written /writing on the blackboard.
26) The........ losing /lost volume was plant at final.
27) ........... Going / gone along the street, I met Mary and Ann.
28) Read the............translated / translating sentences once more.
29) ........ Taking /Taken the girl by the hand, she led her across the street.
thirty) ........Reading / Read today�s newspaper, I found an interesting article.
31) ........ Read/ Having read/ Reading the paper, I gave it to my sister.
32) ........(Standing / Stood on the span he watched boats.........going/gone up and downward the river.
Test5*. Fill in participle I or participle II.
1. His performance as Hamlet was rather ����.disappointed/ disappointing.
2. She was so ����frightening/ frightened by the movie that she couldn�t sleep final night.
iii. Did yous enjoy the horror film? � No. It was very ���.frightened/ frightening.
iv. Marking is always biting his nails. I know. Information technology�due south an extremely ���annoyed/ abrasive.
five. Why doesn�t John study French? �He is not ���.interested/ interesting in learning a strange language.
6. What did you think of that new restaurant? �It was awful. The food was ����.disgusted/ disgusting.
7. Miss Shaw is a wonderful instructor. �Yes. She is ever ���encouraged/ encouraging in her mental attitude towards the students.
8. Do you like windsurfing? � Yeah. I find it very �����excited/ heady.
nine. Vicky is good at art, isn�t she?- Yes. I was �����.impressed/ impressing past her paintings.
10. Did you run into the fireworks last night? Yep. It was an ����.amazed/ amazing display.
Exam 6. Fill in participle I or participle Ii.
ane) Your trip to Los Angeles sounds ������.(fascinate)
ii) I didn�t like the motion-picture show considering it was ���(diameter)
iii) Everyone thinks Emily is an��.person. (charm)
4) They were ��.to hear that their daughter was getting married. (thrill)
v) I was ���to find out that Thomas had left his job. (shock)
6) What�s the most ���..affair you�ve always done? (embarrass)
7) The children were so ���..by the story that they couldn�t sleep. (affright)
8) I have had such an �����.day that all I desire to practice is to go to bed. (exhaust)
9) Malcolm finds it very ����to lie in a hammock and read the paper. (relax)
ten) The teacher was���by her students� excellent exam results. (impress)
11) I was �����to receive you carte du jour expressing your sympathy. (touch)
12) Although being a physician tin exist a very stressful and tiring chore, information technology is very ����..as you help relieve people�s lives. (reward)
thirteen) I take never felt as ��..as I did when I watched that horror film. (terrify)
xiv) Information technology is very ���..to see people begging for coin on the streets. (depress)
15) I don�t get ���.very easily. (embarrass)
16) I detect information technology quite��.to talk in front of a group of people. ( embarrass)
17) I recollect reading newspapers is ���(depress)
eighteen) I�1000 ���.in all kinds of sport. (interest)
19) I find walking in the land very��..(relax)
twenty) I think learning a linguistic communication is very ���.(involvement)
21) I become ���when people smoke in restaurants. (annoy)
22) I don�t unremarkably get ��.when I watch horror films. (frighten)
Test 7. End the sentences without changing the significant.
1) We constitute the office party extremely dull. Nosotros were���..
2) Everybody was fascinated past the fireworks display. Everybody found����..
3) His news is really surprising. You�ll exist����.
4) We found the long delay very irritating. We were����.
5) Lots of people are confused by the style he behaves. Lots of people find�����.
six) We were satisfied with the service at the restaurant. We found����..
7) Everybody was tired by the long walk. Everybody found���.
eight) We were moved by the speech he made at the wedding. We plant������.
9) I�m surprised by the news. I find����.
10) The human being�southward behaviour was shocking. We were all�����
11) Kate is interested in travel. Kate finds����.
12) The tennis match was boring. We were���.
thirteen) I felt very relaxed in the sauna. I found���.
Test 8 *. Rewrite the sentences using participles.
1) Because she was tired, Kate went to bed.
2) He was sitting in the garden and he was drinking his tea.
iii) After Jane had made dinner, she called the children.
4) The boy who is continuing by the door is my brother.
5) Simon cut his hand while he was chopping some wood.
6) Donna had a shower before she went to bed.
7) Because we were late, we took a taxi.
8) Gary opened the window and breathe the fresh air.
nine) She was lying on her bed and she was reading a book.
10) The jewels which were taken by the thieves were very valuable.
11) Amy picked up her pen and started to write the letter of the alphabet.
12) The homo who is walking towards usa is a relative of mine.
13) Later on the teacher had explained the exercise, he asked the students to practice information technology.
fourteen) Because she had forgotten to accept her purse, she had to infringe some money from a colleague.
Test 9. Open the brackets using participle I or participle II.
1) .....(to grin) she entered the room.
ii) The girl.......(to write) something on the blackboard is my friend.
three) This is a letter.......( to address) to you.
4) I like to read stories...... (to write) by this writer.
5) Practice y'all know the boys.......( to play) lawn tennis now?
6) ........(to read) this book I wrote out many useful expressions.
vii) Nelly entered the room........(to bring) the nice big doll.
8) Many people who came to the museum liked the pictures......(to pigment) by this artist.
ix) In that location was a small kitten.......(to play) on the sofa.
10) While.......(to read) this book I always retrieve my babyhood.
11) All stories.....(to write) by this writer are very funny.
12) Look at the children........( to play) in the yard.
xiii) The study.......(to do) by Hammer is of bang-up importance.
14) The boy asked questions........(to look) at usa.
xv) Nell spoke about her brother......(to alive) in London.
to go) through the park I met my teacher.
17) He didn�t become to the movie theater with united states, .......(to say) that he was busy.
18) The human being......(to stand) at the window is a well-known player.
19) We were walking virtually the hall........(to await) at the pictures on the wall.
to respond) the questions John made a mistake.
21) Mary found the key......(to lose) past me yesterday.
22) They fell asleep apace,.........(to be tired) by their journey.
23) I live in a firm........(to build) a hundred years agone.
24) Did y'all understand the rules.....(to explain) to us yesterday.
25) You must larn all the words.........(to give) by the teacher.
Test 10. Make sentences beginning Having.......
i) We finished our work. Nosotros went dwelling.
2) We bought tickets. And so nosotros went into the theatre.
3) They had dinner. Then they continued on their journeying.
4) Sue did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee.
5) They institute a hotel. Then they looked for somewhere to have dinner.
half-dozen) Ann finished her lessons. Then she went home.
7) Sandy read the paper. Then he wrote some business letters.
eight) Mr Jones asked the secretarial assistant to bring him the paper. And so he returned to his office.
9) They connected their journeying after they�d had dinner.
10) Subsequently Lucy had done all her shopping, she went for a cup of coffee.
Test eleven. Make sentences, using participles.
1) I felt tired. So I went to bed early.
2) I thought they might be hungry. So I offered them something to eat.
3) She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country.
4) I didn�t know his accost. Then I wasn�t able to contact him.
5) Sarah has travelled a lot. Then she knows a lot near other countries.
6) The man wasn�t able to understand English language. So he didn�t know what I wanted.
seven) Nosotros had spent nigh all our money. Then we couldn�t afford to stay in a hotel.
viii) A boy was injured in the accident. He was taken to hospital.
ix) A window was broken in the storm last night. It has now been repaired.
10) A number of suggestions were fabricated at the meeting. Most of them were not very practical.
11) Some paintings were stolen from the museum. They haven�t been found yet.
12) A man was arrested by the police force. What was his name?
Test 12. Cull the best participle forms to fit into the sentences.
Giving not having been given being given not giving having been given given having given
1) The all-time function ���.to some other actor, Josh felt unwilling to continue his involvement in the show.
2) I�ve always treasured the lookout man ��..to me on my eighteenth birthday.
3) The police officers stood at either end of the hallway, ���Ray no chance of escape.
iv) ���.our tickets to the attendant, we were ushered into the antechamber of the tomb.
5) We are dividing upwards the grant co-ordinate to demand, the largest amount ��.to the homeless.
6) ���mandatory mother�s notice past the landlord, the tenant was able to stay on in the house.
Test 13. Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the underlined phrase with a suitable participle phrase.
Example: As they hadn�t been arrested they were able to leave the police force station. � Not having been arrested, they were able to leave the police force station.
1) She fell comatose while she sat in the armchair.
2) Considering I can speak Finnish I was able to follow their conversation.
iii) My brother, who has split up with his wife, wants to movement in with me.
iv) So far nobody has claimed the money we discovered under the floorboards.
five) Subsequently he had moved out, Danny found it difficult to detect a dainty place to stay.
half dozen) If you go out it for too long, oil paint volition form a skin.
7) The sea was very rough, which fabricated me experience sick.
8) As I am not very good with figures I�ll let you lot practice the accounts.
nine) This is a house which has been built to last forever.
x) Provided y'all wash it at a absurd temperature this garment volition not compress.
xi) People who play loud music late at night can be a existent nuisance.
12) Considering he had been unemployed for so long, Jack despaired of ever finding a job.
thirteen) If you requite them enough fourth dimension, the engineers will be able to find the fault.
xiv) The people who lived closest to the river banking company were the worst afflicted.
15) Due to the fact that I hadn�t registered, I was unable to vote in last week�s election.
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